Review Topics for the Final
Concepts/Individuals/Terms to know
Nature versus nurture
Stage theory versus continuous theory
Theories of Human Development
Theories of Moral Development
Piaget (learning theory, theory of moral development)
Schema
Assimilation and accommodation
Conservation
Stages of Human Development
Vygotsky
zone of proximal development
Scaffolding
Erikson
Kohlberg
Marcia
Beane
Hoffman
Gilligan
Childhood & Adolescent Development
Identity, self concept, self esteem, self efficacy
Learning Theories
Behavioral Learning Theory
Thorndike (Law of Effect)
Classical Conditioning
Pavlov
Skinner (Operant Conditioning)
Consequences
primary and secondary reinforcers
The Premack Principle
Punishment
Shaping
Extinction
Brain-based learning
The Cognitive Revolution
brain scanning
anatomy of the brain
neural pruning during infancy and adolescence
characteristics of the brain i.e. plasticity, adaptability, pattern perception, self organizing
Memory
The Modal Model (sensory memory, short-term memory [rehearsal], long term memory)
The Serial Position Curve-the Primary Effect hypothesis and the Recency Effect hypothesis
Chunking
Coding
Proactive Interference
The Working Memory Model
Long-Term Memory “coding”- (phonological, visual, semantic)
Constructivist Learning Theory
Gestalt learning theory
Jerome Bruner-discovery learning
Enactive (action, doing) Ionic (pictures, graphic representations) Symbolic (language and other abstract symbol systems)
Domains of Learning
a. The Cognitive Domain
b. The Psychomotor Domain
c. The Affective Domain
Benjamin Bloom’s taxonomy of the cognitive domain
Motivation
B. F. Skinner and programmed learning
Bandura and social learning/motivation
Intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation
The undermining effect
Cognitive theories of motivation (Piaget)
Adkinson
The “need” for achievement
Attribution theory
locus of control
Humanistic theories of motivation
Maslow – the hierarchy of needs
Learning styles
Multiple intelligences
Sternberg
Gardner
